这份由University of Pennsylvania发布的关于智囊团精英的报告让我们了解到了活跃在国际政治前线的think tanks以及TTCSP项目。它通过收集各种精准的数据分析了think tanks随着时代的变化面临的挑战以及分析了创新的必要性，并给我们展现了他们在国际事务政策上的参与。

其中TTCSP项目的宗旨就是："Helping to bridge the gap between knowledge and policy". (缩小知识与政策之间的差距)。项目致力于分析出随着时代的变化对智囊团所带来的挑战并试图分析出可行的与时俱进的方法，不断增加壮大智囊团队，丰富更新最完善的智囊团数据库，让他们制定出更多更好的政策来服务于社会。

这是一份国际性的报告，整篇详尽地针对不同大洲和国家的实际情况进行了数据采集和分析。具体的说：

他们面临的挑战是：更多的事务和角色，更多的竞争与冲突。

这些挑战对他们提出了竞争性的、资源的、技术的、政策性的要求。

应对这些挑战的正确举措在于：清晰的任务、资金、劳动力和对市场精准的把握。

报告并通过一系列严格的衡量对think tank团队进行了排名，其中这些衡量因素有领导力、学术表现和声誉、对政策的影响度等。同时这些排名并不是一概而论的，而是限制在了不同的领域，比如说国际事务的分析方面、国内经济、会议风险化解等。

对我个人而言，这份报告给我展现了一个以前从未思考过的国际角色——智囊团，他们也就是那些站在领导人背后的"低调的存在"，但是实则对我们的各种政策具有深刻的影响。

生词查阅：

think tank: a group of people with experience or knowledge of a particular subject, who work to produce ideas or give advice.

causation: the action of causing something to happen or exist.

philanthropy: the practice of giving money and help to people who are poor or in trouble.

rigorous: careful and exalt.

lifespan: the average length of time that someone will live or that something will continue to work.

obsolete: no longer useful.

dissemination: the spread of information.

pertinent: directly relating to something that is being considered.

dodge: to move quickly and avoid something.

collaboration: work together with others and achieve something together.

reputation: the opinion that people have about someone or something because of what has happened in the past.

affiliate: usually passive, means it forms a close connection with something.

Alleviation: pain. For example: poverty alleviation.

Inception: the start of an organization or institution.

Facilitate: to make it easier for a process or activity to happen.

感想：

智库的分布范围广泛，而且正在大量被应用各种领域，特别是在当代全球经济、政治及文化竞争与合作中发挥着重要的作用。从这个报告中我们可以看到中国智库数量在全球智库数量排名第二位，但是在各项全球最高智库排名中，中国最好的排名却在靠后的位置。中国应该着重增加智库的质量，并非数量，而我认为，要提供中国智库的质量最根本的就是国家要加大对人才教育培养的力度，加大对教育的投入力度，对教育进行创新，更新、完善教育机制。另外，建立和完善相关机制也是必须要做的事情。

assembled expert panel

disseminate ,publicize,shed,distribute.

explication,illustration.

Methodology, A methodology is a system of methods and principles for doing something, for example for teaching or for carrying out research. 

typology,classification according to general type.

affiliation,  If one group has an affiliation with another group, it has a close or official connection with it.

consensus,agreement in the judgment or opinion reached by a group as a whole.

spectrum,a range of a particular type of thing.

NGO，non-governmental organization.

philanthrophy,voluntary promotion of human welfare

感想：

北美拥有1931家智库，占世界各区域之首，而之中美国1835，为世界一大智库数量国；欧洲拥有1770，也足够庞大；可以说两者相加就已在世界上占了绝大多数的位置。

北美与欧洲的智库多是高校的附属或有高校资助，但在亚洲、拉美、非洲及中东一块，智库还相对依赖于政府和富人投资，这对智库独立性会有影响。

信息技术革命促进信息共享，世界因为信息之间的互动如互联网变成大的信息球，对于提供科研材料十分重要。并且进入21世纪，多数国家已经建立了民主政体，开始专心发展经济，壮大国家，对信息流通的把控不能也不会过于严格。智库本身的性质又能够提供政府决策需要的数据等。经济发展能够促进智库发展，从后面的数据看，发达国家或发展中但实力较好的国家智库数量更多。这些都能够推进智库快速发展。

不过许多国家对智库还是存在有偏见，公众也多是倾向于资助短期见效快，只针对于自身项目的智库，智库还需要考虑到政府，一些科研调查可能会对政府不利，也可能会涉及到国家的灰暗地带。

所以智库要革新，在资金、目标方面需要明确好。

从智库2015年的数据统计看，确实欧美占54.1%，中国虽然435，位列世界第二，但是和美国的1835差距还是很大。

美国的智库分布中，有397是位于华盛顿哥伦比亚特区，国家首都，行政中心。

等级排名中第一名即来自美国，1至15名多为欧洲。韩国、日本、巴西也位列前15，中国的第一位排到世界16。

Introduction

Definition

Overview of Modifications and Enhancements

Methodology and timeline

2015 think tank statistics

2015 ranking categories

2015 global GO TO Ranking Results

Top think in the World

Top Think Tanks by Region

Top Think Tanks by Area of Research

Top think tanks by Special Achievement

2015 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report

Vocabulary:

think tank: The independent or affiliated academy for crucial political and social issues for the government.

Outline: BG, introduction, think tank innovation

Background:

1.the efforts TTCSP made to promote international collaboration and improve policy making.

2.the goal of TTCSP to improve the performance and public recognition of think tank.

Introduction:

1.the prospect of TTSCP, the role of TTSCP in nomination and management

2. definition and categories of think tank, overview of think tanks worldwide, the reasons of its rise and fall

3.goal of report,put forward some critical threats and opportunities the think tank community globally face.

4. threats, challenges, and related responds for think tank

Think tank innovation:

1. effective dissemination and external relations strategies

2.innovate amid a noisier, more competitive policy research field.

3.collaborate more frequently and effectively

感想：从智库的数量上看，中国处于全球领先地位；然而，从智库的质量上看，就并非如此。可见，中国智库发展之路任重而道远。对此，个人认为应该借鉴报告中所提到的一些案例，这些案例是发达国家一些智库的成功经验。具体来说，中国智库可以效仿英国的一些智库，加强与高校的联系，了解年轻一代的想法，掌握未来的趋势，同时，采用更为有效的沟通方式，多方面获取资讯；政府也加以引导和鼓励，但也不要过多干预，以免影响智库独立性；还有就是加强协作，正如报告所言，积极有效的协作促进智库创新发展。

2015全球智库数据报告

Background

improve policy making while strengthening democratic institutions and civil societies around the world. "helping to bridge the gap between knowledge and policy."

Database

aim: to gain understanding of the role think tanks play in governments and civil societies.

What is a Think Tank?

·pubilc-policy research analysis and engagement organizations that genertate policy-oriented research,analysis, and advice on domestic and international issues,thereby enabling policymakers and the public to make informed decisions about public policy. 

通过调研分析对国际国内问题提出建议与意见，使决策者更好的做出公共决策。

·North America and Europe: 1. great amount. 2. high produnctivity. 3. great contribution. 4. rate of establishiment is declinning.

·Asia, Latin American, Africa, and the Middle East: 1.expasioning 2. target at businesses and wealthy individuals to support it.

·future: facing threats and opportunites globally. [issues] [actors] [competition] [conflict]

·solutions: mission, market, manpower, money.

Innovation

1. how does the think tanks funded.

2. think tanks V.S government

3. core: innovation "for think tanks, it's innovate or die"

Distribution

worldwide

Ranking

Think tank and Civil societies program

aim: establish regional and international networks of policy institutes.

个人感想：

智库——由国家精英阶层组成的咨询团队，可以帮助国家在政治、军事、经济、外交领域提供发展方向和建议，对国家的决策层起着很大影响作用。

从2015全球智库报告中可以看出，美国的智库数量最多，且北美欧洲的智库质量最高。中国的智库数量虽多，但质量亟需提高。一个国家智库的数量和质量对一个国家的发展很重要，也是一个国家科技人才储备的展现。所以提高质量比数量更重要。

comprise vi. 包含

disseminate vt. 宣传

rigor n. 严厉，精确

herald  n. 先驱

demise n. 死亡，终止

vying adj. 竞争的

"Helping to bridge the gap between knowledge and policy"

* Goals

- to acknowledge the important contributions and emerging global trends of think tanks worldwide

- to bridge these conceptual problems and create a typology that takes into consideration the comparative differences in political systems and civil societies

* Situations

- 1835/6856 Think Tanks in USA, more than doubled since 1980

- 1770 in Europe

- an expansion in number and type in Asia, Latin America, Africa, The Middle East, North Africa

New Words:

think tank n. a company that does research for hire and issues reports on the implications

alleviation n. the act of reducing something unpleasant

e.g: poverty alleviation

bridge the gap between XX and XX

emerging adj. coming to maturity

affiliate vt. a subordinate or subsidiary associate; a person who is affiliated with another or with an organization

中国现在的目标应该是努力发展提高智库的数量及质量。这一点我们可以充分汲取20及21世纪智库蓬勃发展的经验。

进一步进行信息公开，使其可以为研究所用，是发展智库的一项重要方法。

完善政策制度，确保智库本身的独立性，不应过多受到政府牵制。

think tank

Think tanks are public-policy research analysis and engagement organizations that generate policy-oriented research, analysis, and advice on domestic and international issues,there by enabling policymakers and the public to make informed decisions about public policy

mobilization n.

act of assembling and putting into readiness for war or other emergency

inception

an event that is a beginning; a first part or stage of subsequent events

blur

a hazy or indistinct representation

感想：

其实之前对智库这个概念基本是没有的，看了智库报告后，有了一些了解。首先是智库的情况，其中最多的是美国，第二是中国，但是美国的智库数量1835，中国的智库数量435，是中国的4倍多，其实这其中有很大的原因是跟中美的政治体制有关系的，据我的了解，民间智库的申请需要挂在一个大公司的名下，这样使得民间智库变得很难生存，中国的政治体制决定了其国有智库的庞大和对决策的重要程度，其中投资民间智库的力度并不大，导致了中国民间智库的发展缓慢，中国智库数量的减少文中提到不少，我个人认为其和大数据和互联网+时代带来的冲击有关，智库的数据收集方面在中国以民间组织的身份可能会很难，有大公司的背景或在国家政府的支持下，会变得比较简单。智库的重要性可想而知，没人再想重经历“4万亿”的决策失误，如果有大量的智库存在而不单单只是政府旗下的国有智库，或许像这样的决策失误将会不断减少。当然中国智库发展的时间也很短，我个人认为中国智库的发展处在一个增加数量的阶段，智库的重要性需要引起企业和国家的重视，加大投资，多引用智库的方案，或许会带来新的革命。

Opinions:1. 《全球智库报告2015》是由美国宾夕法尼亚大学TTCSP项目连续第九年为全球打造的最具权威性全球智库研究发展报告。该智库研究报告旨在研究全球各国智库在政府与社会发展中的作用，建立了一套客观公正的智库研究体系，每年对全球智库进行跟踪研究和综合排名，以加强全球智库的能力建设并提高智库的表现。为了提升智库排名的质量和智库指数的代表性，宾夕法尼亚大学智库研究项目每年进行大量智库研究和智库调查。自从2010年以来，上百位专家参与了排名标准的评估和提名及排名的过程。为了尽量避免偏颇、扩大排名的代表性，全面提升排名质量和提名过程的真实性，智库指数在5年来经历多次大的修改和完善。2015年全球智库指数（GGTTI）提名和排名标准包括The quality and commitment of the think tank's leadership；The quality and reputation of the think tank's staff；The quality and reputation of the research and analysis produced；Ability to recruit and retain elite scholars and analysts；Academic performance and reputation等。报告并不将研究成果作为衡量智库影响力的唯一方法。2015年，全球共有智库6846家，其中北美洲智库数量最多，拥有1931家；欧洲其次，拥有1770家；亚洲紧随其后，拥有1262家。美国依然是世界上拥有智库数量最多的国家，有1835家。中国依然是世界第二智库大国，拥有智库数量达到435家。英国和印度智库数量位列中国之后，分别拥有288家和280家。在综合排名榜单中，美国的Brookings Institution排名第一，这也是其第四次名列榜首。在2015全球智库综合排名榜单175强中，共有9家中国智库入选，排名最高的是中国社会科学院CASS，位列第31名。入选Best New TT的中国新兴智库有3家。在最佳民营智库、最值得关注的智库、以及Top Environment/Education/Defense&National Security智库排行榜单中，中国智库均上榜。2. 报告显示，全球智库的发展呈欣欣向荣之势，但是也并不是一帆风顺的，其未来发展之路是threat和opportunity并存的，特别体现在管理机制、经费支持、人才队伍建设、交流合作等方面。这就要求智库作出创新，包括管理机制改革，促进原有智库积极转型，新兴智库茁壮成长；寻求多元化的经费支持；加强人才队伍建设，采取适当的激励鼓励机制；拓宽智库之间的交流渠道，开展高层次、宽领域、多渠道的交流等等。3. 纵观中国智库发展之路，目前其呈现数量井喷之势，其学术影响力和国际影响力等都不断提高，但是中国未来智库发展之路任重而道远。（1）由index参考出，中国智库全面参与公共决策的体制机制不够健全，智库的independent受到或多或少的羁绊。对此，我认为，政府与智库的关系定位应该是以引导规范为主，保证智库建言的独立性、客观性。（2）上升到国际化层面，中国智库应该强化自身的全球视野，拓展思维空间，建立健全内部建设提升自身水平，推进开放性研究，建设高端智库。政府应当给智库建设提供示范和抓手，同时智库自身要综合中国改革创新与转型发展的国情，全面、科学、客观、准确地定位自身，建设中国特色新型智库推动中国由“智库大国”走向“智库强国”。

Notes:

TTCSP：knowledge&policy

recruitment:the act of getting recruits; enlisting people for the army (or for a job or a cause etc.) 补充；征募新兵

typology：classification according to general type 类型学；血型学；象征主义；象征论

quasi: 准的；类似的；外表的

NGO: non-governmental organization

adherence:1.faithful support for a religion or cause or political party 2.the property of sticking together (as of glue and wood) or the joining of surfaces of different composition

坚持；依附；忠诚

tactics: 1.the branch of military science dealing with detailed maneuvers to achieve objectives set by strategy 2.a plan for attaining a particular goal策略；战术；用兵学

saturation:  1.the process of totally saturating something with a substance 2.the act of soaking thoroughly with a liquid 3.a condition in which a quantity no longer responds to some external influence 4.chromatic purity: freedom from dilution with white and hence vivid in hue 饱和；色饱和度；浸透；

citation：1.an official award (as for bravery or service) usually given as formal public statement 2.(law) the act of citing (as of spoken words or written passages or legal precedents etc.) 3.a short note recognizing a source of information or of a quoted passage 引用，引证；[法] 传票；褒扬

P11

North America & Europe:! 

Asia,...Middle East: dependent, business

P13: Think Tank threats&opportunities

innovate or die; strategic innovation and focuses on impact; technological innovation competition;

P19: short-termism;leadership;funding; to survive: timely and accessible(blog,youth,transnational cooperation, affiliation be stronger)

Modifications&Enhancements:nomination, selection criteria

Assessment Tool: resource/utilization/output/impact indicators

Brookings Institution(US)

download,transalte

think tank 智库

2015 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report

Background

• role and character of public policy research prganizations
• leading think tanks

"Helping to bridge the gap between knowkedge and policy"

Introduction

• to assist in improving the capacity and performance of think tanks around the world

What?

• public-policy research analysis and engagement organizations
• the academic ----- policymaking communities
• Categories of think tank affiliations

Where?

Why?

• Goal of Report
• Threats: "four mores"
• Challenges
• "four M's"

Think Tank Innovation

• WWⅡ---1970s & 80s --- Today

1. fundraising strategies
2. directing
3. competition

Contributing Factors Creating a Need to Innovate

1. +information-rich environment
2. changing digital times
3. support research with...
4. technological innovation
5. the battle for capital: become fiercer
6. emerging generational shift

Attributes of Think Tank Innovation

1. produce research (timely&accessible)
2. collaborate (frequently & effectively)
3. look across sectoes for insporation
4. developing innovative practices:

• Transformational Leadership
• Overhead Funding
• Clear and Stratrgic Mission
• Collaboration
• Flexibility with Employees

Looking to the Future of Think Tank Innovation

Trends:

• the operational environment
• technological advances
• an unstavle political order
• the information saturation

Overview of Modifications and Enhancements to the Global Go To Think Tanks Index

Recent Years' Modifications

2015 Process and Methodology

Methodology and Tomeline

Timeline of the Nomination and Ranking Process

2015 Global Go To Think Tank Index Nomination and Ranking Criteria

Think Tank Impact Assessment Tool

• Resource indicators
• Utilization indicators
• Output indicators
• Impact indicators

2015 Think Tank Statistics

• Asia 1262
• China and its surrounding countries 18.4%
• Rank 2 China 435

2015 Ranking Categories

• China?

2015 Categorical Definitions

2015 Global Go To Ranking Results

• P66 China
• 3. China Institutes of Contemporay International Relation （CICIR)
• 8. China Institute of International Studies (CIIS)
• 9. Carnegie Center
• 10. Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS)

Background

Vocabularies

• validate  v.

1.to confirm or establish the truthfulness or soundness of something
2.to declare or render something legal or binding
3.to register something formally and have its use officially sanctioned
4.to make somebody feel valued as a person, or feel that his or her ideas or opinions are worthwhile
5.to officially state that something is of an appropriate standard
6.to officially prove that something is true or correct
7.to make a document legally valid

• recruitment  n.

1.the process of finding people to join the military, or a company or organization

• foster  v.

1.to provide a child with care and upbringing
2.to encourage the development of something
3.to keep a feeling or thought alive

• philanthropy  n.

1.a desire to improve the material, social, and spiritual welfare of humanity, especially through charitable activities
2.a philanthropic action or organization
3.general love for, or benevolence towards, the whole of humankind
4.the belief that you should help people, especially by giving money to those who need it

• analogous  adj.

1.similar in some respects, allowing an analogy to be drawn
2.describes body parts and organs that have equivalent functions but that have evolved independently of one another in different plants or animals.
3.similar to another situation, process, etc. so that the same things are true of or relevant to both

• rigor  n.

1.unrelenting strictness or toughness in dealing with people or things and an unwillingness to make allowances
2.the application of precise and exacting standards in the doing of something
3.an experience of great hardship or difficulty

Personal Views

全球智库发展势头良好，中国也不例外，智库数量全球第二。但中国的智库数量优势毋庸置疑，质量是否与数量协调呢？

2015年的全球智库报告显示，中国的智库质量依然堪忧，前百上榜为个位数，而这一数字在2013年为20个。也就是说，中国智库，质量不升反降。而排行前列的，都是中国社科院及其下设研究机构，均为官方老牌智库。由此可见，中国智库，只重数量，不注重质量和创新。

中国正处在改革的风口浪尖，处于转型期的中国，面临的问题细微而复杂。决策者也比以往更需要前瞻性、对策性的研究报告。而智库，作为思想的蓄水池，要起到其深度影响政府决策的科学指导作用。

中国智库的发展，任重而道远，而民间智库，有更长的路要走。